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November 14, 2022 08:31 am GMT

How to Build Dynamic Forms in Angular

When we build Angular Apps, the creation and build of forms is a manual process. The maintenance for small changes like adding a new field or switching field type from input to a date field should be easy, but why not create forms to be flexible and respond to business changes?

These changes require we touch the form again to update the hard-coded form declaration and fields. Why not change to make our form dynamic and not hard-coded?

Today we will learn how to create forms using reactive forms from a model and bind them to inputs, radio, and checkboxes in the template dynamic.

I know the code needs types and interfaces, but I want to make a manageable article.

Scenario

We work for the marketing team, which wants a form to request the users' Firstname, Lastname, and age. Let's build it.

First, declare a FormGroup field registerForm and create the method buildForm() to manually add every field in the formGroup.

import { Component, OnInit, VERSION } from '@angular/core';import { FormControl, FormGroup } from '@angular/forms';@Component({  selector: 'my-app',  templateUrl: './app.component.html',  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],})export class AppComponent implements OnInit {  registerForm: FormGroup;  ngOnInit() {    this.buildForm();  }  buildForm() {    this.registerForm = new FormGroup({      name: new FormControl(''),      lastName: new FormControl(''),      age: new FormControl(''),    });  }}

Add the HTML markup with the inputs linked with the form using the [formGroup] directive.

<h1>Register</h1><form [formGroup]="registerForm">  <label>Name:<input type="text" formControlName="name" /></label>  <label>LastName: <input type="text" formControlName="lastName" /></label>  <label> Age: <input type="number" formControlName="age" /></label></form>

And Finally, we have our static forms!

one

But tomorrow, marketing wants to request the address or a checkbox for the newsletter. We need to update the form declaration, add the formControl and the inputs, and you know the whole process.

We want to avoid repeating the same task every time. We need to turn on the form to dynamic and react to business changes without touching the html or typescript file again.

Create Dynamic FormControl and Inputs

First, we will have two tasks to build our form dynamic.

  • Create the Form Group from the business object.
  • Show the list of fields to render in the form.

First, rename registerModel to model and declare the fields array. It will have all elements with inputs model for our dynamic form:

fields: [];model = {        name: '',        lastName: '',        address: '',        age: '', };

Next, create the method getFormControlFields(), with theformGroupFields object and
Iterate over all properties in the model using the for, to push in formGroupFields. Add every field into the fields array.

The code looks like this:

 getFormControlsFields() {        const formGroupFields = {};        for (const field of Object.keys(this.model)) {            formGroupFields[field] = new FormControl("");            this.fields.push(field);        }        return formGroupFields;    }

In the buildForm() method, add the variable formGroupFields with the value from getFormControlFields() and assign the formGroupFields to the registerForm.

 buildForm() {    const formGroupFields = this.getFormControlsFields();    this.registerForm = new FormGroup(formGroupFields);  }

Next, render the fields in the HTML, using the *ngFor directive to iterate over the fields array. Use the variable field to show the label and set the input [formControlName] with the same field value.

<form [formGroup]="registerForm">    <div *ngFor="let field of fields">           <label>{{field}}</label>    <input type="text" [formControlName]="field"/></form>

Save changes, and we get the same form, generated dynamically, from the definition.

one

But it's just the beginning. We want to split a little bit of the responsibility to allow us to make the form flexible to changes without pain.

Separate the Form Process and FieldType

The app.component does a few tasks, creating the model, form, and rendering the input. Let's clean it up a little bit.

Create the dynamic-form.component with an input property to get the model to generate, and update the registerForm to dynamicFormGroup. Move the function buildForm and getFormControlsFields to the dynamic.

import { Component, Input, OnInit } from "@angular/core";import { FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms";@Component({  selector: "app-dynamic-form",  templateUrl: "./dynamic-form.component.html",  styleUrls: ["./dynamic-form.component.css"],})export class DynamicFormComponent implements OnInit {  dynamicFormGroup: FormGroup;  @Input() model: {};  fields = [];  ngOnInit() {    this.buildForm();  }  buildForm() {    const formGroupFields = this.getFormControlsFields();    this.dynamicFormGroup = new FormGroup(formGroupFields);  }  getFormControlsFields() {    const formGroupFields = {};    for (const field of Object.keys(this.model)) {      formGroupFields[field] = new FormControl("");      this.fields.push(field);    }    return formGroupFields;  }}

Remember to update the formGroup in the html to dynamicFormGroup

Next, create the new component dynamic-field with the responsibility of rendering the field. Add two Input() properties field and formName.

import {Component, Input} from "@angular/core";@Component({  selector: "app-field-input",  templateUrl: "./dynamic-field.component.html",  styleUrls: ["./dynamic-field.component.css"],})export class DynamicFieldComponent {  @Input() field: {};  @Input() formName: string;}

Add the HTML markup with the input and the label.

<form [formGroup]="formName">    <label>{{field}}</label>    <input type="text" [formControlName]="field"/></form>

Open the app.component to pass the model to the dynamic form. It takes the responsibility to process the model, and the dynamic-field renders the input.

import { Component } from "@angular/core";@Component({  selector: "my-app",  templateUrl: "./app.component.html",  styleUrls: ["./app.component.css"],})export class AppComponent {  model = {    name: "",    lastName: "",    address: "",    age: "",  };}

The HTML passes the property model with the definition.

<app-dynamic-form [model]="model"></app-dynamic-form>

Perfect, we have a few separate tasks and responsibilities. The following challenge shows different control types.

Show Inputs By Type

The Dynamic form renders a single type of input. In a real-world scenario, we need more types like date, select, input, radio, and checkbox.

The information about the control types must come from the model to the dynamic-field.

Change the model with the following properties type, value, and label. To make it a bit fun, change the age to type number, and create a new property birthDay of type date.

model = {    firstname: {      type: "text",      value: "",      label: "FirstName",    },    lastname: {      type: "text",      value: "",      label: "LastName",    },    address: {      type: "text",      value: "",      label: "Address",    },    age: {      type: "number",      value: "",      label: "age",    },    birthDay: {      type: "date",      value: "",      label: "Birthday",    },  };}

Save the new field birthDay shown in the form.

two

We will make small changes in the getFormsControlsFields method to process the metadata.

Please create a new variable, fieldProps to store the field with the metadata from the model. Use the value property to assign the formControl and push the field with the property fieldName in the fields array.

We will use the metadata properties in the dynamic-field component

getFormControlsFields() {    const formGroupFields = {};    for (const field of Object.keys(this.model)) {      const fieldProps = this.model[field];      formGroupFields[field] = new FormControl(fieldProps.value);this.fields.push({ ...fieldProps, fieldName: field });    }    return formGroupFields;  }

Finally, go to the dynamic.component.html and use these properties field.label, change formControlName to use field.fieldName, and bind the type with field.type.

<form [formGroup]="formName">    <label>{{field.label}}</label>    <input [type]="field.type" [formControlName]="field.fieldName"/></form>

Save the changes and see the new controls with a type.

three

Add Selects, Radios, and Checkbox

The dynamic field component shows the input, but adding controls like select, radio, or checkbox makes it a bit complex. I want to split each control into specific controls.

Create components for each control dynamic-input dynamic-radio, dynamic-select, and dynamic-checkbox.

ng g components/dynamic-field/dynamic-checkboxng g components/dynamic-field/dynamic-radiong g components/dynamic-field/dynamic-selectng g components/dynamic-field/dynamic-input

Every component has two points in common, the field with metadata and the FormGroup to like with the main form.

Let's start with the Input and Checkbox:

Input

Declare the field object with metadata and the formName as input properties.

export class DynamicInputComponent {  @Input() field: {};  @Input() formName: FormGroup;}

In the HTML Markup, use the metadata with the label and the formControlName with the fieldName.

<form [formGroup]="formName">    <label>{{field.label}}</label>    <input [type]="field.type" [formControlName]="field.fieldName"/></form>

Checkbox

Like the dynamic-input component, add two fields with the field metadata and the formGroup.

export class DynamicCheckboxsComponent {  @Input() field: any;  @Input() formName: FormGroup;}

In the HTML Markup, add a checkbox.

<form [formGroup]="formName">    <label>        {{ field.label }}        <input                type="checkbox"                [name]="field.fieldName"                [formControlName]="field.fieldName"                [value]="field.value"        />    </label></form>

I want to split the checkbox from the input for personal reasons; the checkbox sometimes has particular styles.

Select

The properties are the same, but the metadata will become different. The select has a list of options, so we need to iterate over the list using the ngFor directive.

The HTML Markup looks like this:

<form [formGroup]="formName">    <label>{{field.label}}:</label>    <select [formControlName]="field.fieldName">        <option *ngFor="let option of field.options" [value]="option.value">            {{option.label}}        </option>    </select></form>

Radio

The radio is close, similar to the select with a list of options, but with a particular case, the name must be the same to allow select one single option. We add an extra label to show the option label.

<form [formGroup]="formName">    <h3>{{field.label}}</h3>    <label *ngFor="let option of field.options">        <label ngFor="let option of field.options">            <input type="radio"                   [name]="field.fieldName"                   [formControlName]="field.fieldName"                   [value]="option.value"            >            {{option.label}}        </label>    </label></form>

Ok, all components are ready, but with two missing points: show the components and update the metadata.

Show Dynamic Components And Update Model

We have components for each control type, but the dynamic-field.component is the bridge between them.

It picks the specific component by type. Using the ngSwitch directive, we determine the control matching with the component type.

The final code looks like this:

<ng-container [ngSwitch]="field.type">    <app-dynamic-input *ngSwitchCase="'text'" [formName]="formName" [field]="field"></app-dynamic-input>    <app-dynamic-select *ngSwitchCase="'select'" [formName]="formName" [field]="field"></app-dynamic-select>    <app-dynamic-radio *ngSwitchCase="'radio'" [formName]="formName" [field]="field"></app-dynamic-radio>    <app-dynamic-checkboxs *ngSwitchCase="'checkbox'" [formName]="formName" [field]="field"></app-dynamic-checkboxs></ng-container>

Learn more about switchCase

Next, we add new fields with the metadata for each type:

typeBussines: radio
suscriptionType: select
newsletterIn: checkbox

The type radio and select must have the options object with { label, value} fit component expectations.

   typeBussines: {      label: "Bussines Type",      value: "premium",      type: "radio",      options: [        {          label: "Enterprise",          value: "1500",        },        {          label: "Home",          value: "6",        },        {          label: "Personal",          value: "1",        },      ],    },    newsletterIn: {      label: "Suscribe to newsletter",      value: "email",      type: "checkbox"    },    suscriptionType: {      label: "Suscription Type",      value: "premium",      type: "select",      options: [        {          label: "Pick one",          value: "",        },        {          label: "Premium",          value: "premium",        },        {          label: "Basic",          value: "basic",        },      ],    },

Save and reload. The new components work with the structure, and the dynamic-field picks the specific component.

four

Validations

We need a complete form with validations. I want to make this article brief, but validation is essential in the forms.

My example is basic about adding a required validator but feel free to add more if you want.

First, we must change the model with new metadata rules, with the field required with the true value.

firstname: {      type: "text",      value: "",      label: "FirstName",      rules: {        required: true,      }    },

The validators are part of the form controls. We process the rule to set the validator for the formControl in a new method, addValidators, and the return value stored in the validators variable to assign in the formControl.

      const validators = this.addValidator(fieldProps.rules);      formGroupFields[field] = new FormControl(fieldProps.value, validators);

If the rule object is empty, return an empty array

In the addValidator, use the Object.keys and iterate over every property in the rules object. Use a switch case to math with the value and return the Validator.

In Our scenario, the rule required returns the Validator.required.

  private addValidator(rules) {    if (!rules) {      return [];    }    const validators = Object.keys(rules).map((rule) => {      switch (rule) {        case "required":          return Validators.required;          //add more cases for the future.      }    });    return validators;  }

Ok, we already configure the formControl with the validator, but we need to show the label if the control is invalid. Create a new component, dynamic-error , with two input properties, formGroup, and fieldName.

import { Component, Input } from "@angular/core";import { FormGroup } from "@angular/forms";@Component({  selector: "app-dynamic-error",  templateUrl: "./dynamic-error.component.html",  styleUrls: ["./dynamic-error.component.css"],})export class DynamicErrorComponent {  @Input() formName: FormGroup;  @Input() fieldName: string;}

We find the control by name using the form reference in the HTML. If it is invalid, dirty, or touched by the user, show a message.

<div *ngIf="formName.controls[fieldName].invalid && (formName.controls[fieldName].dirty || formName.controls[fieldName].touched)"     class="alert">    <div *ngIf="formName.controls[fieldName].errors.required">        * {{fieldName}}    </div></div>

Finally, add the dynamic-error component in the dynamic-form component and pass the fieldName and the formGroup.

<form [formGroup]="dynamicFormGroup">    <div *ngFor="let field of fields">        <app-field-input [formName]="dynamicFormGroup" [field]="field"></app-field-input>        <app-dynamic-error [formName]="dynamicFormGroup" [fieldName]="field.fieldName"></app-dynamic-error>    </div></form>

Read more about validators in Angular

finl

Yeah!! The validators work with our dynamic forms.

You have a stable version of dynamic forms if you reach this part. I try to make this post short, but I hear feedback from other users like @Juan Berzosa Tejero and .... motivated to do some refactors.

Refactor Time

Propagation of FormGroup

After @Juan Berzosa Tejero take time to review the article, he asks me about the propagation of FormGroup using the @Input() with formName, and it starts to make noise. Luckily I found the directive FormGroupDirective in the Angular Documentation. It helps us to bind an existing FormGroup or FormRecord to a DOM element.

I decide to use and refactor the code, we are going to start with the dynamic-error.component to simplify, but the steps are similar for all child components.

Remove the @Input() decorator from formName and inject the FormGroupDirective in the component constructor.

Add the ngOnInit lifecycle to set the formName with the FormGroupDirective.control to bind the FormGroup to it.

The final code looks like this:

import { Component, Input, OnInit } from "@angular/core";import { FormGroup, FormGroupDirective } from "@angular/forms";@Component({  selector: "app-dynamic-error",  templateUrl: "./dynamic-error.component.html",  styleUrls: ["./dynamic-error.component.css"],})export class DynamicErrorComponent implements OnInit {  formName: FormGroup;  @Input() fieldName: string;  constructor(private formgroupDirective: FormGroupDirective) {}  ngOnInit() {    this.formName = this.formgroupDirective.control;  }}

The dynamic-form doesn't need to pass the formGroupName anymore. It only needs the field metadata. The code looks like this:

<form [formGroup]="dynamicFormGroup">    <div *ngFor="let field of fields">        <app-field-input [field]="field"></app-field-input>        <app-dynamic-error [fieldName]="field.fieldName"></app-dynamic-error>    </div></form>

If you replicate the same for all child components, dynamic-field no longer needs to set formName.

<ng-container [ngSwitch]="field.type">    <app-dynamic-input *ngSwitchCase="'text'" [field]="field"></app-dynamic-input>    <app-dynamic-input *ngSwitchCase="'number'" [field]="field"></app-dynamic-input>    <app-dynamic-select *ngSwitchCase="'select'" [field]="field"></app-dynamic-select>    <app-dynamic-radio *ngSwitchCase="'radio'" [field]="field"></app-dynamic-radio>    <app-dynamic-checkboxs *ngSwitchCase="'checkbox'" [field]="field"></app-dynamic-checkboxs></ng-container>

Done, we did the refactor! Feel free to read more about FormGroup Directive.

Remove the ngSwitch

Yesterday, @Maxime Lyakhov, leave a message about the ngSwich. He was right about the ngSwitch in the HTML; it is difficult to maintain.

My first idea is to load the specific component dynamically using ViewChild and ViewContainerRef and set the input variables with the setInput() method.

Note: I update the project to angular 14 because the API to load dynamic components is easier.

First, add a template variable to the ng-container to make a reference using the viewchild.

<ng-container #dynamicInputContainer></ng-container>

Next, declare the viewchild pointing to the dynamicInput container, it works as a placeholder for our dynamic components.

@ViewChild('dynamicInputContainer', { read: ViewContainerRef}) dynamicInputContainer!: ViewContainerRef;

Add a new array with all supported components with key and component.

supportedDynamicComponents = [    {      name: 'text',      component: DynamicInputComponent    },    {      name: 'number',      component: DynamicInputComponent    },    {      name: 'select',      component: DynamicSelectComponent    },    {      name: 'radio',      component: DynamicRadioComponent    },    {      name: 'date',      component: DynamicInputComponent    },    {      name: 'checkbox',      component: DynamicCheckboxsComponent    }  ]

Note: A service can provide the list of the supported component or external variables, but I try to to keep the article short.

Create getComponentByType method to find the component in the suppertedDynamicComponents , if not exist return DynamicInputComponent.

getComponentByType(type: string): any {    const componentDynamic = this.supportedDynamicComponents.find(c => c.name === type);    return componentDynamic.component || DynamicInputComponent;  }

Next, a new method registerDynamicField(). It takes the responsibility of creating an instance from the getComponentType() and setting the input field required by the components.

We do three steps:

  1. Get the component by type using the field property and store in the componentInstance variable.
  2. Using the createComponent pass the instance and get the dynamic component.
  3. Pass the field to the input field using the setInput() method.
private registerDynamicField() {    const componentInstance = this.getComponentByType(this.field.type)    const dynamicComponent = this.dynamicInputContainer.createComponent(componentInstance)    dynamicComponent.setInput('field', this.field);    this.cd.detectChanges();  }

Because the input property field changes , we need to trigger the change detection to keep the component sync.

_Learn more about ChangeDetection_

The ViewChild is only available on the AfterviewInit lifecycle, implement the interface and call the method registerDynamicField.

  ngAfterViewInit(): void {    this.registerDynamicField();  }

Save the changes, everything continue working as expected and the ngSwitch was gone.

Learn more about viewchild

## Recap

We learned how to add dynamic fields from a structure and generate inputs like select, checkbox, radio, or inputs a few times. The model may be an API response from the backend.

If we want to add a new field, add it to the API response, and you feel free to add more types in the dynamic-field component.

We can improve the code by using interfaces for each component type, like dropdown, checkbox, or the form itself. Also, create helper functions to create most of the boilerplate code for dropdown.

If you like, feel free to share!


Original Link: https://dev.to/danywalls/how-to-build-dynamic-forms-in-angular-2732

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