Cheat Sheet for C

Basics

Basic syntax and functions from the C++ programming language.

1. Boilerplate

#include <iostream>using namespace std;int main() {cout << "Hi, I am Bhagya Mudgal";return 0;}

2. cout <<

It prints output on the screen.

cout << "This is C++ Programming";

3. cin >>

It takes input from the user.

cin >> variable_name;

Data types

The data type is the type of data.

1. char

Typically a one byte. It is an character type.

char variable_name;

2. int

Size depends on compiler, 2 bytes in 32-bit compiler and 4 bytes in 54-bit compiler.

int variable_name;

3. float

A single-precision floating-point value.

float variable_name;

4. double

A double-precision floating-point value.

double variable_name;

5. void

Represents the absence of the type.

void

6. bool

Represent Boolean value i.e. either true or false.

bool

Escape Sequences

In computer science, an escape sequence is a combination of characters that has a meaning other than the literal characters contained therein.

1. Alarm or beep

It produces a beep sound.

\a

2. Backspace

It adds a backspace.

\b

3. Newline

Newline Character.

\n

4. Carriage return

\r

5. Tab

It gives a tab space.

\t

6. Backslash

It adds a backslash.

\\

7. Single quote

It adds a single quotation mark.

\'

8. Question mark

It adds a question mark.

\?

9. Octal Number

It represents the value of an octal number.

\nnn

10. Hexadecimal Number

It represents the value of a hexadecimal number.

\xhh

11. Null

The null character is usually used to terminate a string.

\0

Comments

A comment is a code that is not executed by the compiler, and the programmer uses it to explain the code where needed.

1. Single line comment

// It's a single line comment

2. Multi-line comment

/* It's a multi-linecomment*/

Strings

It is a collection of characters surrounded by double quotes.

1. Declaring String

// Include the string library#include <string>// String variablestring variable1 = "Hello World";

2. append() function

It is used to concatenate two strings

string firstName = "Bhagya ";string lastName = "Mudgal";string fullName = firstName.append(lastName);cout << fullName; // Output: BhagyaMudgal

3. length() function

It returns the length of the string

string variable = "Bhagya Mudgal";cout << "The length of the string is: " << variable.length();// Output: The length of the string is: 13

4. Accessing and changing string characters

string variable = "Hello World";variable[1] = 'i';cout << variable; // Output: Hillo World

Maths

C++ provides some built-in math functions that help the programmer to perform mathematical operations efficiently.

To use functions these functions first include cmath in your program.

#include <cmath>

1. max() function

It returns the larger value among the given two values.

cout << max(25, 150); // Output: 150

2. min() function

It returns the smaller value among the given two values.

cout << min(75, 150); // Output: 75

3. sqrt() function

It returns the square root of the given number.

cout << sqrt(25); // Output: 5

4. ceil() function

It returns the value of x rounded up to its nearest integer.

int x=2.5;ceil(x); // Output: 3

5. floor() function

It returns the value of x rounded down to its nearest integer.

int x=2.5;floor(x); // Output: 2

6. pow() function

It returns the value of x to the power of y.

int x=5, y=2;pow(x, y); // Output: 25

Control Statements

Conditional statements are used to perform operations based on some condition.

1. if Statement

if (condition) {// This block of code will get executed, if the condition is True}

2. if-else Statement

if (condition) {// If condition is True then this block will get executed} else {// If condition is False then this block will get executed}

3. if-else if Statement

if (condition) {// Statements;}else if (condition){// Statements;}else{// Statements}

4. Ternary Operator

It is shorthand of an if-else statement.

variable = (condition) ? expressionTrue : expressionFalse;

5. Switch Case Statement

It allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values (cases).

switch (expression){case constant-expression: statement1;                          statement2;                          break;case constant-expression: statement;                          break;default: statement;         break;}

Iterative Statements known as Loops

Iterative statements facilitate programmers to execute any block of code lines repeatedly and can be controlled as per conditions added by the programmer.

1. while Loop

It iterates the block of code as long as a specified condition is True

while (/* condition */){/* code block to be executed */}

2. do-while loop

It is an exit controlled loop. It is very similar to the while loop with one difference, i.e., the body of the do-while loop is executed at least once even if the condition is False

do{/* code */} while (/* condition */);

3. for loop

It is used to iterate the statements or a part of the program several times. It is frequently used to traverse the data structures like the array and linked list.

for (int i = 0; i < count; i++){/* code */}

4. Break Statement

break keyword inside the loop is used to terminate the loop.

break;

5. Continue Statement

continue keyword skips the rest of the current iteration of the loop and returns to the starting point of the loop.

continue;

References

Reference is an alias for an already existing variable. Once it is initialized to a variable, it cannot be changed to refer to another variable. So, it's a const pointer.

Creating References

string var1 = "Value1"; // var1 variablestring &var2 = var1; // reference to var1

Pointers

Pointer is a variable that holds the memory address of another variable.

Declaration

datatype *var_name;var_name = &variable2;

Functions

Functions are used to divide an extensive program into smaller pieces. It can be called multiple times to provide reusability and modularity to the program.

1. Function Definition

return_type function_name(data_type parameter...){//code to be executed }

2. Function Call

function_name(arguments);

Recursion

Recursion is when a function calls a copy of itself to work on a minor problem. And the function that calls itself is known as the Recursive function.

void recurse(){... .. ...recurse();... .. ...}

Object-Oriented Programming

It is a programming approach that primarily focuses on using objects and classes. The objects can be any real-world entities.

1. class

A class in C++ is a user-defined type or data structure declared with keyword class that has data and functions as its members whose access is governed by the three access specifiers private, protected or public. By default access to members of a C++ class is private.

class Class_name {public: // Access specifier// fields// functions// blocks};

2. object

It is an instance of a class.

Class_name ObjectName;

3. Constructors

It is a special method that is called automatically as soon as the object is created.

class className { // The classpublic: // Access specifierclassName() { // Constructorcout << "Code With Harry";}};int main() {className obj_name;return 0;}

4. Encapsulation

Data encapsulation is a mechanism of bundling the data, and the functions that use them and data abstraction is a mechanism of exposing only the interfaces and hiding the implementation details from the user.

#include<iostream>using namespace std;class ExampleEncap{private:/* Since we have marked these data members private, * any entity outside this class cannot access these * data members directly, they have to use getter and * setter functions. */int num;char ch;public:/* Getter functions to get the value of data members. * Since these functions are public, they can be accessed * outside the class, thus provide the access to data members * through them */int getNum() const {return num;}char getCh() const {return ch;}/* Setter functions, they are called for assigning the values * to the private data members. */void setNum(int num) {this->num = num;}void setCh(char ch) {this->ch = ch;}};int main(){ExampleEncap obj;obj.setNum(100);obj.setCh('A');cout<<obj.getNum()<<endl;cout<<obj.getCh()<<endl;return 0;}

File Handling

File handling refers to reading or writing data from files. C++ provides some functions that allow us to manipulate data in the files.

1. Creating and writing to a text file

#include <iostream>#include <fstream>using namespace std;int main() {// Create and open a text fileofstream MyFile("filename.txt");// Write to the fileMyFile << "File Handling in C++";// Close the fileMyFile.close();}

2. Reading a file

getline() function allows us to read the file line by line

getline();

3. Opening a File

open() method opens a file in the C++ program.

void open(const char* file_name,ios::openmode mode);

openmodes:

• in

Opens the file to read(default for ifstream).

fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::in);

• out

Opens the file to write(default for ofstream).

fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::out);

• binary

Opens the file in binary mode.

fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::binary);

• app

Opens the file and appends all the outputs at the end.

fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::app);

• ate

Opens the file and moves the control to the end of the file.

fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::ate);

• trunc

Removes the data in the existing file.

fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::trunc);

• nocreate

Opens the file only if it already exists.

fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::nocreate);

• noreplace

Opens the file only if it does not already exist.

fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::noreplace);

4. Closing a file

close() method closes the file.

myfile.close();

Exception Handling

An exception is an unusual condition that results in an interruption in the flow of the program.

try and catch block

A basic try-catch block in python. When the try block throws an error, the control goes to the catch block.

try {// code to trythrow exception; // If a problem arises, then throw an exception}catch () {// Block of code to handle errors

I hope this C++ Cheat Sheet will help you and save your time.

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