# Variable lower_snakefirst_name = 'Mike'# Class and module CamelCaseclass InvoiceDetail:# ConstantMAX_USER = 100 # All uppercase# Indentation : 4 spacesif num > 9:    print('Small number')

name = 'Mike' # stringage = 42 # intprice = 199.99 # floatis_active = True # booleancolors = ['red', 'green', 'blue'] # listproducts = { 'name': 'iPad Pro', 'price': 199.99 } # dictMAX_USER = 100 # Constant

# Python is a strong type languagenumber = 50 + "50" # TypeError# Convert to stringnumber = 50 + int("50") # 100# Convert to stringmy_text = str(199.99)   # "199.99"# Convert to numbermy_number = int('21.99') # 21my_number = float('21.99') # 21.99# Get typetype(my_text) # <class 'str'>type(my_number) # <class 'float'># Check if number 0 to 9isdigit('8') # True# Check typeisinstance(my_number, int) # True

name = 'Mike'# orname = "Mike"# ormessage = """This is multilinestring that is easier toread and assign"""# escape characters 
 will do a line breakmessage = "Hello 
World"# raw string (ignore escape characters)message = r"https:\\example.com\index.html"# Convert to lower casename.lower() # mike# Convert to upper casename.upper() # MIKE# Convert first char to Capital lettername.capitalize() # Mike# Convert first char of all words to Capital lettername = 'mike taylor'name.title() # Mike Taylor# Chain methodsname = 'MIKE'name.lower().capitalize() # Mikename = 'Mike'# Start with ?name.startswith('M') # true# End with ?name.endswith('ke') # true# String lengthlen(name) # 4# String concatenationfull_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name# String formatfull_name = f"{first_name} {last_name}"# Remove leading and trailing characters (like space or 
)text = ' this is a text with white space 'text.strip() # 'this is a test with white space'name = 'Mike'# Get string first charactername[0] # M# Get string last charactername[-1] # e# Get partial stringname[1:3] # ik# Replacename.replace('M', 'P') # Pike# Find (return pos or -1 if not found)name.find('k') # 2# List to stringcolors = ['red', 'green', 'blue']', '.join(colors) # 'red, green, blue'

# Print to consoleprint('Hello World')# Print multiple stringprint('Hello', 'World') # Hello World# Multiple printprint(10 * '-') # ----------# Variable pretty printer (for debug)from pprint import pprintpprint(products) # will output var with formatting# Get keyboard inputname = input('What is your name? ')# Random (between 0 and 1)from random import random print(random()) # 0.26230234411558273# Random beween x and yfrom random import randintprint(randint(3, 9)) # 5# Roundingnumber = 4.5print(round(number)) # 5number = 4.5163print(round(number, 2)) # 4.52# Pathimport oscurrent_file_path = __file__folder_name = os.path.dirname(current_file_path)new_path = os.path.join(folder_name, 'new folder')# Round numbersolution = round(12.9582, 2) # 12.96

if x == 4:    print('x is 4')elif x != 5 and x < 11:   print('x is between 6 and 10')else:   print('x is 5 or greater than 10')#In or not incolors = ['red', 'green', 'blue', 'yellow']if 'blue' in colors:if 'white' not in colors:# Ternaryprint('y = 10') if y == 10 else print('y != 10') # ShortHand Ternaryis_valid = 'Valid'msg = is_valid or "Not valid" # 'Valid'# FalsyFalse, None, 0, empty string "", empty list [], (), {}# TruthyTrue, not zero and not empty value 

# iterating over a sequence (list, string, etc.)for item in items:    print(item)# With indexfor index, item in enumerate(items):    print(index, item)# Rangefor i in range(10):  #0..9    print(i)for i in range(5, 10): #5..9    print(i)# While loopwhile x > 10:    print(x)    # exit loop    if x == 5:        break    # Jump to next while    if x == 3:        continue    x += 1# For loop dicfor key, value in my_dict.items():    print(key, value)# List comprehension: # values = [(expression) for (value) in (collection)]items = [value*2 for value in items]# List comprehension filtering# values = [expression for value in collection if condition]even_squares = [x * x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]

# Create a listfruits = ['orange', 'apple', 'melon']# Append to Listfruits.append('banana')# List lengthnb_items = len(fruits)# Remove from listdel fruits[1]   #remove apple# List accessfruits[0]  # first itemfruits[-1] # last item# Slice my_list[start:finish:step] ([::-1] reverse list) fruits = fruits[1:3]fruits[:3]  # first 3fruits[2:]  # last 2copy_fruits = fruits[:] # copy# List lengthnb_entry = len(fruits) #Create list from stringcolors = 'red, green, blue'.split(', ')# Array concactcolor1 = ['red', 'blue']color2 = ['green', 'yellow']color3 = color1 + color2# Concat by unpackingcolor3 = [*color1, *color2]# Multiple assignmentname, price = ['iPhone', 599]#Create a Tuple (kind of read only list)colors = ('red', 'green', 'blue')# Sortcolors.sort() # ['blue', 'green', 'red']colors.sort(reverse=True) # ['red', 'green', 'blue']colors.sort(key=lambda color: len(color)) # ['red', 'blue', 'green']

# Create a empty dictproduct = {}#Create a dict with key/valueproduct = {'id': 100, 'name': 'iPadPro'}# Access dict value by keyprint(product['name']) # iPadPro# Access dictproduct.get('name') # if key not exist return Noneproduct.get('name', 'default value') # if key not exist return default value# Adding a new key/valueproduct['description'] = "Modern mobile device"# Get dict keysproduct.keys() # ['id', 'name', 'description']# Get dic valuesproduct.values() # ['100', 'iPadPro', 'Modern mobile device']# Create a list of dictproducts = [    {'id': 100, 'name': 'iPadPro'},    {'id': 200, 'name': 'iPhone 12'},    {'id': 300, 'name': 'Charger'},]# Access list of dictprint(products[2]['name']) # Charger# Search list dictitems_match = [item for product in products if product['id'] == 300]# [{'id': 300, 'name': 'Charger'}]# Sum list dicttotal = sum([product['price'] for product in products])

# Create a functiondef say_hello():    print('Hello World')# Function with argument (with default value)def say_hello(name = 'no name'):    print(f"Hello {name}") # Function with argument (with optional value)def say_hello(name = None):    if name:        print(f"Hello {name}")     else:        print('Hello World')# Call a functionsay_hello('Mike') # Hello Mike# Call using keyword argumentsay_hello(name = 'Mike') # Function returning a valuedef add(num1, num2):   return num1 + num2num = add(10, 20) # 30# Arbitrary numbers of arguments *argsdef say_hello(*names):    for name in names:        print(f"Hello {name}")# Arbitrary numbers of keywords arguments **kwargsdef say_hello(**kwargs):    print(kwargs['name'])    print(kwargs['age'])say_hello(name = 'Mike', age = 45)# Lambda functionx = lambda num : num + 10print(x(20)) # 30

from datetime import datetime, timedelta# Return the current date and time.datetime.now()# Create a date time objectdate = datetime(2020,12,31) # Dec 31 2020# Add to date/time (weeks, days, hours, minutes, seconds) new_year = date + timedelta(days=1) # Jan 1 2021# Format a date to stringnew_year.strftime('%Y/%m/%d %H %M %S') # 2021/01/01 00 00 00 new_year.strftime('%A, %b %d') # Friday, Jan 01# Extract from dateyear = new_year.year # 2021month = new_year.month # 01

# Reading a file and storing its linesfilename = 'demo.txt'with open(filename) as file:    lines = file.readlines()for line in lines:    print(line)# Writing to a filefilename = 'settings.txt'with open(filename, 'w') as file:    file.write("MAX_USER = 100")# File exist?from os import pathpath.exists('templates/index.html') # True/False# CSVimport csvcsv_file = 'export.csv'csv_columns = products[0].keys() # ['id', 'name']with open(csv_file, 'w') as csvfile:    writer = csv.DictWriter(csvfile, fieldnames=csv_columns)    writer.writeheader()    for item in products:        writer.writerow(item)

age_string = input('Your age? ')try:    age = int(age_string)except ValueError:    print("Please enter a numeric value")else:    print("Your age is saved!")

# Create a classclass Product:    pass# Class attributeclass Product:    nb_products = 0print(Product.nb_products) # 0# Create new object instanceproduct_1 = Product()# Object instance attributesclass Product:    def __init__(self, name, price):        self.name = name        self.price = price# Create instance with attributesproduct_1 = Product('iPadPro', 699.99)product_2 = Product('iPhone12', 799.99)print(product_1.name) # iPadPro# instance methodclass Product()    def display_price(self):        return f"Price : {self.price}"print(product_1.display_price())# class methodclass Product:    # ...     @classmethod    def create_default(cls):        # create a instance         return cls('Product', 0) # default name, default priceproduct_3 = Product.create_default() # static methodclass Product:    # ...     @staticmethod    def trunc_text(word, nb_char):        return word[:nb_char] + '...' product_3 = Product.trunc_text('This is a blog', 5) # This i... # Python Inheritanceclass WebProduct(Product):    def __init__(self, name, price, web_code):        super().__init__(name, price)        self.web_code = web_code# Private scope (naming convention only)def __init__(self, price):    self.__price = price# Getter and setterclass Product:    def __init__(self):        self.__price = 0    @property    def price(self):        return self.__price    @price.setter    def price(self, value):        self.__price = value# Mixinsclass Mixin1(object):    def test(self):        print "Mixin1"class Mixin2(object):    def test(self):        print "Mixin2"class MyClass(Mixin2, Mixin1, BaseClass):    passobj = MyClass()obj.test() # Mixin2