Python 3.9 Features for Noobs

In this post, I will discuss some of the interesting features added in python 3.9!

The Problem: Merging two dictionaries

Prior to python 3.9, there were mainly two ways to merge or combine two dictionaries in python,

dict1 = {"name": "Salman", "age": "NA"}dict2 = {"crimes": "lol", "career_destroyed": "uncountable"}# Way1 : using update methoddict1.update(dict2)print("dict1 =>", dict1)# Way2: using ugly ** unpackingnew_dict = {**dict1, **dict2}print("new_dict=>", new_dict)"""OUPUTdict1 => {'name': 'Salman', 'age': 'NA', 'crimes': 'lol', 'career_destroyed': 'uncountable'}new_dict=> {'name': 'Salman', 'age': 'NA','crimes': 'lol', 'career_destroyed': 'uncountable'}"""

But using these methods, have drawbacks.

Why update is not efficient ?

d1.update(d2) modifies d1 in-place i.e changes the content of d1 dictionary.

But the problem is, it is using a temporary variable internally to update d1 dict. This is very inefficient because consider a case when you want to merge two dictionaries containing thousands of key-value pair, It is a brutal waste of memory and CPU!

Then why don't we use ** , because it is not readable and ugly!

Solution : Addition of Union Operators

https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0584/

Let's see how python3.9 solved the issue,

Introducing merge operator |

The merge operator , "|" will return a new dict consisting of the left operand merged with the right operand, each of which must be a dict.

This operation has a fancy name : Dict Union

update operator |=

This operator performs an inplace merge similar to update method but it doesn't waste memory by using a temporary variable!

Fancy name : Augmented assignment

The Problem: How to remove sub-strings from start or end in a str ?

Prior to python3.9, you would do something like this,

# removing prefix or suffix prior to python 3.9def remove_prefix(inp_str: str, pref: str) -> str:    """    This function deletes "pref" from the     beginning if it is present otherwise    returns the original "inp_str"    """    if inp_str.startswith(pref):        return inp_str[len(pref):]    return inp_strdef remove_suffix(inp_str: str, suff: str) -> str:    """    This function deletes "suff" from the     end if it is present otherwise    returns the original "inp_str"    """    if inp_str.endswith(suff):        return inp_str[:-len(suff)]    return inp_str"""OUTPUT>>> remove_suffix("Kathan", "an")'Kath'>>> remove_suffix("Kathan", "lol")'Kathan'>>> remove_prefix("Kathan","Ka")'than'>>> remove_prefix("Kathan","haha")'Kathan'"""

Isn't it too much, that we need to define functions for such a simple task? Ofcourse you can create a one-liner using lambda but what if you want a cleaner solution?

Solution : String methods to remove prefixes and suffixes

https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0616/

To solve this issue, 2 new methods were added.

removeprefix method

This method has implemented the prior discussed functionality of removing prefix for us so that we don't need to define our own function or lambda whatever.

removesuffix method

This method has implemented the prior discussed functionality of removing suffix for us so that we don't need to define our own function.

Bonus : Improvised Math Module

https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.9.html#math

math.gcd() function

Prior to python 3.9, this function only accepted two arguments and returned their gcd.

But quite often we need to find gcd of more than two numbers. GOOD NEWS! In python 3.9 you can add as many arguments you want into this function.

Here's the error by the way, you used to get prior to python 3.9

Using improved math.gcd function

The new math.lcm() function

Prior to python 3.9 there was no specifc function to calculate l.c.m.

Developers though had a quirky workaround for finding l.c.m,

But if you ain't a math geek, you will be confused by the function , So there was a need for l.c.m function!

NEW math.lcm() function

That's it for this post :) Hope you enjoyed it. Check python 3.9 docs for lots of more fun stuff!

Further Read: https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.9.html#what-s-new-in-python-3-9