1. Closures to Extend Variable Scope

Closures in JavaScript are a fairly straightforward concept, and have been discussed online in a number of in-depth articles. The fact that they are straightforward doesnt necessarily mean theyre simple however, as seen by the extensive articles that cover the subject.

Simply put, closures allow variable scope to be extended past the common scope restrictions of functions. I like the way Jeremy Keith describes closures in his book Bulletproof Ajax:

Think of closures as a kind of regional scope: broader than local but not as broad as global.

To create a closure, you nest a function inside of a function. That inner function has access to all variables in its parent functions scope. This comes in handy when creating methods and properties in object oriented scripts. Here is a simple example that demonstrates the use of a closure:

function myObject() {  this.property1 = "value1";  this.property2 = "value2";  var newValue = this.property1;  this.performMethod = function() {    myMethodValue = newValue;    return myMethodValue;     };  }  var myObjectInstance = new myObject();    alert(myObjectInstance.performMethod());

The key portions of the script are the nested anonymous function are highlighted in green and the method call in the alert function (last line). Because the method in the alert is actually calling a nested function, that method is able to read the value of the variable called newValue, even thought that variable is not within the scope of the anonymous function, or method.

Developers use closures all the time, probably unknowingly, since a closure is created any time an anonymous function is nested inside another function and utilizes variables from the parent functions scope. The power of the closure is revealed when that method (the inner function) is called, and values that normally wouldnt be accessible are within regional scope and are thus able to be used as any other value.

See the references below for some deeper explanations of closures and their relation to scope. I also highly recommend you pick up a good advanced JavaScript book that offers a good discussion of the concepts associated with closures.

Further Reading

• Explaining JavaScript scope and closures (Robert Nyman)
• Closures in JavaScript (James Padolsey)
• JavasCript Closures at Jibbering.com
• JavaScript Closures for Dummies

2. Object Literals to Pass Optional Arguments

Here is a handy coding tip to keep in mind when dealing with functions that can accept a large number of optional arguments. Instead of passing the large number of arguments in the conventional fashion, which could unnecessarily complicate the function, you can pass just one argument which ends up being a collection of arguments declared in an object literal.

Lets look, first of all, at how we might do this in the typical manner, so we can see the contrast:

function showStatistics(name, team, position, average, homeruns, rbi) {  document.write("<p><strong>Name:</strong> " + arguments[0] + "<br />");  document.write("<strong>Team:</strong> " + arguments[1] + "<br />");  if (typeof arguments[2] === "string") {    document.write("<strong>Position:</strong> " + position + "<br />");   }  if (typeof arguments[3] === "number") {    document.write("<strong>Batting Average:</strong> " + average + "<br />");  }  if (typeof arguments[4] === "number") {    document.write("<strong>Home Runs:</strong> " + homeruns + "<br />");  }  if (typeof arguments[5] === "number") {    document.write("<strong>Runs Batted In:</strong> " + rbi + "</p>");   }}showStatistics("Mark Teixeira");showStatistics("Mark Teixeira", "New York Yankees");showStatistics("Mark Teixeira", "New York Yankees", "1st Base", .284, 32, 101);

The function above can take up to 6 arguments. The first two arguments are mandatory, so inside the function, we dont check for their existence. The last 4 arguments are not mandatory, so we only display their values if they exist.

We call the function 3 different times (last 3 lines), with different numbers of arguments each time. You can see that if the number of passed arguments was in the dozens, or more, the code could look a little messy, and would be harder to maintain, or read.

Now lets look at the same code using object literals to pass the arguments:

function showStatistics(args) {  document.write("<p><strong>Name:</strong> " + args.name + "<br />");  document.write("<strong>Team:</strong> " + args.team + "<br />");  if (typeof args.position === "string") {    document.write("<strong>Position:</strong> " + args.position + "<br />");   }  if (typeof args.average === "number") {    document.write("<strong>Average:</strong> " + args.average + "<br />");  }  if (typeof args.homeruns === "number") {    document.write("<strong>Home Runs:</strong> " + args.homeruns + "<br />");  }  if (typeof args.rbi === "number") {    document.write("<strong>Runs Batted In:</strong> " + args.rbi + "</p>");  }}showStatistics({  name: "Mark Teixeira"});showStatistics({  name: "Mark Teixeira",  team: "New York Yankees"});showStatistics({  name: "Mark Teixeira",  team: "New York Yankees",  position: "1st Base",  average: .284,  homeruns: 32,  rbi: 101});

Technically, this second method of passing the arguments might require a little bit more code, but with a large collection of arguments, there are a few advantages.

First, the function itself is simplified because it accepts only one argument (args), which is a collection of all the values passed from the object literal (name, team, position, etc). Plus, the actual argument values are easy to read, and can easily be understood, updated, or modified, since the correlation between the values and the argument references are more direct.

If the function required only a small number of arguments, then this method would not be necessary, and might actually have the opposite effect. So, use this technique sparingly, and only in situations where you foresee the collection of arguments being hard to maintain over time.

Further Reading

• JavaScript Object Literal
• JavaScript Object Literals Simplified
• JavaScript and Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

3. Contextual Targeting of DOM Elements

There are sometimes instances where you need to traverse the DOM and gain access to a specific element, or group of elements, but due to certain restrictions, you may not have direct access to the elements via a CSS class name or ID in the HTML code. This might be because of user-generated content produced through a rich text editor, or dynamic content pulled from a database.

Whatever the case, its not impossible to access those unidentified DOM elements via JavaScript. Using what I call contextual targeting, you can gain access to, and modify, almost any element in the DOM. As long as you have a map of the general template that contains the element you want to target, you can access that element and manipulate it the same way you would an element that has a class name or ID.

Lets create some basic HTML code that will serve as our example page:

<div id="header">  <h1>Site Title</h1></div><div id="sidebar">  <ul>    <li><a href="#">Testing</a></li>    <li><a href="#">Testing</a></li>    <li><a href="#">Testing</a></li>    <li><a href="#">Testing</a></li>    <li><a href="#">Testing</a></li>    <li><a href="#">Testing</a></li>  </ul></div><div id="content">  <h2>Page Title</h2>  <p><a href="#">Lorum Ipsum link here</a>. Pellentesque habitant morbi     tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.     Vestibulum tortor quam, feugiat vitae, ultricies eget, tempor sit amet,      ante. Donec eu libero sit amet quam egestas semper.     Aenean ultricies mi vitae est. Mauris placerat eleifend leo.     Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada     fames ac turpis egestas. Vestibulum tortor quam, feugiat vitae,     ultricies eget, tempor sit amet, ante. Donec eu libero sit amet quam     egestas semper. Aenean ultricies mi vitae est. Mauris     placerat eleifend leo.</p>  <p><span style="color: red;">Pellentesque habitant morbi</span>    tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Vestibulum    tortor quam, feugiat vitae, ultricies eget, tempor sit amet, ante. Donec    eu libero sit amet quam egestas semper. Aenean ultricies mi vitae est.    Mauris placerat eleifend leo. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus    et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Vestibulum tortor quam,    feugiat vitae, ultricies eget, tempor sit amet, ante. Donec eu libero sit    amet quam egestas semper. Aenean ultricies mi vitae est. Mauris placerat    eleifend leo.</p>    </div><div id="footer">   <p>Copyright | <a href="#">contact</a> | <a href="#">policy</a> |       <a href="#">privacy</a></p></div>

Using the HTML code above, if we wanted to target all the anchor tags on the page, we could collect them and manipulate them like this:

var myLinkCollection = document.getElementsByTagName("a");for (i=0;i<myLinkCollection.length;i++) {  // do something with the anchor tags here}

If we wanted to target only the anchor tags in the footer, however, we would target them based on their context, or surrounding elements, like this

var myFooterElement = document.getElementById("footer");var myLinksInFooter = myFooterElement.getElementsByTagName("a");for (i=0;i<myLinksInFooter.length;i++) {  // do something with footer anchor tags here}

The first line grabs a reference to the footer element. The second line collects all <a> tags inside the footer. Then we loop through them and do what we want with them. Thus, they are accessible even though they are not grouped via class names.

You can accomplish the same thing by using node properties, as shown below.

var myLinkCollection = document.getElementsByTagName("a");for (i=0;i<myLinkCollection.length;i++) {  if (myLinkCollection[i].parentNode.parentNode.id === "footer") {    // do something with footer anchor tags here  }}

Similar code could be used to target the lone anchor tag inside the content section.

We could also limit our anchor tag search to include only tags that have the href attribute set, so as to avoid finding any in-page links. We do this by using the getAttribute method:

var myLinkCollection = document.getElementsByTagName("a");for (i=0;i<myLinkCollection.length;i++) {  if (myLinkCollection[i].getAttribute("href")) {    // do something with the anchor tags here  }}

Finally, youll notice that there is a tag with an inline style. The inline style could have been generated through a content management system, so you may not have the ability to edit it directly. You can target all elements with inline styles like this:

var myLinkCollection = document.getElementsByTagName("span");for (i=0;i<myLinkCollection.length;i++) {  if (myLinkCollection[i].getAttribute("style")) {    // do something with all anchors that have inline styles  }}

The possibilities are endless with contextual targeting, and there are even more options available if youre using a JavaScript library that normalizes browser differences and simplifies DOM manipulation.

Further Reading:

• getElementsByTagName at Sitepoints JavaScript Reference
• getElementsByTagName at W3Schools

4. Using Namespaces to Prevent Conflicts

If youre doing an extensive amount of raw JavaScript coding and suspect that additions could be made to the same pages youre working on, you can prevent any future conflicts with your code by giving your code its own namespace.

Object-oriented JavaScript implements namespace-like principles due to the fact that properties and methods are declared inside of objects, thus there are less likely to be conflicts. A conflict could arise, however, through object names. And very likely, the conflict will occur silently, thus you may not be alerted to the issue immediately.

You can prevent all conflicts by creating a unique namespace. Lets use the showStatistics function to demonstrate how we can encapsulate code into its own namespace:

if (typeof MY == "undefined") {  MY = new Object();  MY.CUSTOM = new Object();}MY.CUSTOM.namespace = function() {  function showStatistics(args) {    document.write("<p><strong>Name:</strong> " + args.name + "<br />");    document.write("<strong>Team:</strong> " + args.team + "<br />");    if (typeof args.position === "string") {      document.write("<strong>Position:</strong> " + args.position + "<br />");    }    if (typeof args.average === "number") {      document.write("<strong>Average:</strong> " + args.average + "<br />");    }    if (typeof args.homeruns === "number") {      document.write("<strong>Home Runs:</strong> " + args.homeruns + "<br />");    }    if (typeof args.rbi === "number") {      document.write("<strong>Runs Batted In:</strong> " + args.rbi + "</p>");    }  }  showStatistics({    name: "Mark Teixeira",    team: "New York Yankees",    position: "1st Base",    average: .284,    homeruns: 32,    rbi: 101  });}MY.CUSTOM.namespace();

The first few lines create the namespace by checking to see if the MY object already exists. This object can be whatever you want it to be. Just pick a name that you dont think will ever be used again. After the MY object is created, we are then able to create the CUSTOM object as a property of the MY object. Then our namespace function becomes a method of the MY.CUSTOM object. Keep in mind that MY, CUSTOM and namespace can each be your own custom names. I chose these for demonstration purposes. They could be CHEESEBURGER.ONIONS.pickles if you want!

The showStatistics function is exactly the same as in the example earlier that utilizes an object literal to pass in the values. But in this case, the entire function, including the object literal, is encapsulated inside my.custom.namespace. The last line invokes the entire function using dot notation, and the function runs exactly the same as it normally would, except that it is protected from conflicting with another function called showStatistics.

Further Reading:

• Object Oriented JavaScript: Namespaces (About.com)
• Namespacing your JavaScript (Dustin Diaz)

5. Hybrid Application Development

You can create powerful JavaScript applications if you use a combination of a JavaScript library and raw JavaScript code. Many JavaScript libraries are used to implement pretty animations and other customizable effectssometimes via plugins that often dont require much to be added to them other than some custom values.

On the other hand, there may be situations where youll want to accomplish something specificly requested by a client. Maybe its something not available in a library and that requires extensive coding, possibly utilizing Ajax and a variety of DOM methods.

There is no point in reinventing the wheel. You can implement your favorite JavaScript library and take advantage of its simplified Ajax calls, DOM methods, and normalization of browser differences. Thus, you can have the advantages of the library, while still creating custom scripts that are specific to your project.

Further Reading:

• List of JavaScript libraries at Wikipedia
• 40 Useful JavaScript Libraries (Smashing Magazine)
• JavaScript Libraries: A directory of tools shaping the new web

6. Rendering Readable HTML

Finally, this is a technique to use in situations that require dozens of lines of HTML code being generated dynamically via JavaScript. Take the following example:

var pageContainer = document.getElementById("container");var pageTitle = "Content Title";var authorBio = "Mr. Lorum Ipsum";var pageContent = "Lorum ipsum line text here. Lorum ipsum line text here.                    Lorum ipsum line text here. Lorum ipsum line text here.                   Lorum ipsum line text here. Lorum ipsum line text here.                    Lorum ipsum line text here. Lorum ipsum line text here.                   Lorum ipsum line text here.";var footerContent = "Copyright 2009";var HTMLCode = '
<h1>' + pageTitle + '</h1>
               <div id="content">
               <p>' + pageContent + '</p>
               <div id="author_bio">
               <p>' + authorBio +'</p>
               </div>
               </div>
               <div id="footer">               <p>' + footerContent + '</p>
               </div>
';pageContainer.innerHTML = HTMLCode;

The line to take note of above is the one that declares the value of the HTMLCode variable. It renders just find in the generated source code, since it utilizes the new line character, so it looks like perfectly good HTML. But if this line of code were any longer it would be extremely difficult to read and maintain in the .js file.

Here is the same code as above, but implementing a much more organized method of displaying the HTML:

var pageContainer = document.getElementById("container");var pageTitle = "Content Title";var authorBio = "Mr. Lorum Ipsum";var pageContent = "Lorum ipsum line text here. Lorum ipsum line text here.                    Lorum ipsum line text here. Lorum ipsum line text here.                   Lorum ipsum line text here. Lorum ipsum line text here.                    Lorum ipsum line text here. Lorum ipsum line text here.                   Lorum ipsum line text here.";var HTMLCode =  '
' +                '<h1>' + pageTitle + '</h1>
'                '<div id="content">
' +                  '<p>' + pageContent + '</p>
' +                  '<div id="author_bio">
' +                    '<p>' + authorBio + '</p>
' +                  '</div>
'                '</div>
' +                '<div id="footer">' +                  '<p>' + footerContent + '</p>
' +                '</div>
';pageContainer.innerHTML = HTMLCode;

Now the code is much more readable, and conforms to the manner in which HTML is rendered in an actual HTML page. It even includes proper HTML indenting, and still uses the new line character to properly format the outputted HTML.

Conclusion

Although I didnt provide a detailed explanation of every concept dealt with in this collection, I hope this list provided beginning and intermediate coders with an overview of a few fairly advanced JavaScript tactics that they can implement in future projects or experiments.

Please feel free to comment on any of the advanced JavaScript concepts Ive mentioned and some specific ways that you have used them in your own applications.

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