Variables

We use variables to temporarily store data in the computers memory.

price = 10

rating = 4.9

course_name = Python for Beginners

is_published = True

In the above example,

price is an integer (a whole number without a decimal point)

rating is a float (a number with a decimal point)

course_name is a string (a sequence of characters)

is_published is a boolean. Boolean values can be True or False.

Comments

We use comments to add notes to our code. Good comments explain the hows and

whys, not what the code does. That should be reflected in the code itself. Use

comments to add reminders to yourself or other developers, or also explain your

assumptions and the reasons youve written code in a certain way.

This is a comment and it wont get executed.

Our comments can be multiple lines.

Receiving Input

We can receive input from the user by calling the input() function.

birth_year = int(input(Birth year: ))

The input() function always returns data as a string. So, were converting the

result into an integer by calling the built-in int() function.

Strings

We can define strings using a single ( ) or double ( ) quotes.

To define a multi-line string, we surround our string with tripe quotes ().

We can get individual characters in a string using square brackets [].

course = Python for Beginners

course[0] # returns the first character

course[1] # returns the second character

course[-1] # returns the first character from the end

course[-2] # returns the second character from the end

We can slice a string using a similar notation:

course[1:5]

The above expression returns all the characters starting from the index position of 1

to 5 (but excluding 5). The result will be ytho

If we leave out the start index, 0 will be assumed.

If we leave out the end index, the length of the string will be assumed.

We can use formatted strings to dynamically insert values into our strings:

name = Mosh

message = fHi, my name is {name}

message.upper() # to convert to uppercase

message.lower() # to convert to lowercase

message.title() # to capitalize the first letter of every word

message.find(p) # returns the index of the first occurrence of p

(or -1 if not found)

message.replace(p, q)

To check if a string contains a character (or a sequence of characters), we use the in

operator:

contains = Python in course

Arithmetic Operations

+

-

*

/ # returns a float

// # returns an int

% # returns the remainder of division

** # exponentiation - x ** y = x to the power of y

Augmented assignment operator:

x = x + 10

x += 10

Operator precedence:

1. parenthesis

2. exponentiation

3. multiplication / division

4. addition / subtraction

If Statements

if is_hot:

print(hot day)

elif is_cold:

print(cold day)

else:

print(beautiful day)

Logical operators:

if has_high_income and has_good_credit:

...

if has_high_income or has_good_credit:

...

is_day = True

is_night = not is_day

Comparison operators

a > b

a >= b (greater than or equal to)

a < b

a <= b

a == b (equals)

a != b (not equals)

While loops

i = 1

while i < 5:

print(i)i += 1

For loops

for i in range(1, 5):

print(i)

range(5): generates 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

range(1, 5): generates 1, 2, 3, 4

range(1, 5, 2): generates 1, 3

Lists

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

numbers[0] # returns the first item

numbers[1] # returns the second item

numbers[-1] # returns the first item from the end

numbers[-2] # returns the second item from the end

numbers.append(6) # adds 6 to the end

numbers.insert(0, 6) # adds 6 at index position of 0

numbers.remove(6) # removes 6

numbers.pop() # removes the last item

numbers.clear() # removes all the items

numbers.index(8) # returns the index of first occurrence of 8

numbers.sort() # sorts the list

numbers.reverse() # reverses the list

numbers.copy() # returns a copy of the list

Tuples

They are like read-only lists. We use them to store a list of items. But once we

define a tuple, we cannot add or remove items or change the existing items.

coordinates = (1, 2, 3)

We can unpack a list or a tuple into separate variables:

x, y, z = coordinates

Dictionaries

We use dictionaries to store key/value pairs.

customer = {

name: John Smith,age: 30,is_verified: True

}

We can use strings or numbers to define keys. They should be unique. We can use

any types for the values.

customer[name] # returns John Smith

customer[type] # throws an error

customer.get(type, silver) # returns silver

customer[name] = new name

Functions

We use functions to break up our code into small chunks. These chunks are easier

to read, understand and maintain. If there are bugs, its easier to find bugs in a

small chunk than the entire program. We can also re-use these chunks.

def greet_user(name):

print(fHi {name})

greet_user(John)

Parameters are placeholders for the data we can pass to functions. Arguments

are the actual values we pass.

We have two types of arguments:

Positional arguments: their position (order) matters

Keyword arguments: position doesnt matter - we prefix them with the parameter

name.

Two positional arguments

greet_user(John, Smith)

Keyword arguments

calculate_total(order=50, shipping=5, tax=0.1)

Our functions can return values. If we dont use the return statement, by default

None is returned. None is an object that represents the absence of a value.

def square(number):

return number * number

result = square(2)

print(result) # prints 4

Exceptions

Exceptions are errors that crash our programs. They often happen because of bad

input or programming errors. Its our job to anticipate and handle these exceptions

to prevent our programs from cashing.

try:

age = int(input(Age: ))income = 20000risk = income / ageprint(age)

except ValueError:

print(Not a valid number)

except ZeroDivisionError:

print(Age cannot be 0)

Classes

We use classes to define new types.

class Point:

def __init__(self, x, y):    self.x = x    self.y = ydef move(self):    print(move)

When a function is part of a class, we refer to it as a method.

Classes define templates or blueprints for creating objects. An object is an instance

of a class. Every time we create a new instance, that instance follows the structure

we define using the class.

point1 = Point(10, 5)

point2 = Point(2, 4)

init is a special method called a constructor. It gets called at the time of

creating new objects. We use it to initialize our objects.

Inheritance

Inheritance is a technique to remove code duplication. We can create a base class

to define the common methods and then have other classes inherit these methods.

class Mammal:

def walk(self):    print(walk)

class Dog(Mammal):

def bark(self):    print(bark)

dog = Dog()

dog.walk() # inherited from Mammal

dog.bark() # defined in Dog

Modules

A module is a file with some Python code. We use modules to break up our

program into multiple files. This way, our code will be better organized. We wont

have one gigantic file with a million lines of code in it!

There are 2 ways to import modules: we can import the entire module, or specific

objects in a module.

importing the entire converters module

import converters

converters.kg_to_lbs(5)

importing one function in the converters module

from converters import kg_to_lbs

kg_to_lbs(5)

Packages

A package is a directory with init.py in it. It can contain one or more

modules.

importing the entire sales module

from ecommerce import sales

sales.calc_shipping()

importing one function in the sales module

from ecommerce.sales import calc_shipping

calc_shipping()

Python Standard Library

Python comes with a huge library of modules for performing common tasks such as

sending emails, working with date/time, generating random values, etc.

Random Module

import random

random.random() # returns a float between 0 to 1

random.randint(1, 6) # returns an int between 1 to 6

members = [John, Bob, Mary]

leader = random.choice(members) # randomly picks an item

Pypi

Python Package Index (pypi.org) is a directory of Python packages published by

Python developers around the world. We use pip to install or uninstall these

packages.

pip install openpyxl

pip uninstall openpyxl